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How do transistors work?
Transistor is a solid semiconductor device (including diodes, transistors, field effect transistors, thyristors, etc., sometimes specifically referred to as bipolar devices), with detection, rectification, amplification, switching, voltage stabilization, signal modulation and other functions. As a variable current switch, the transistor can control the output current based on the input voltage. Unlike ordinary mechanical switches, transistors use electrical signals to control their own opening and closing, so the switching speed can be very fast, and the switching speed in the laboratory can reach more than 100GHz.
In 1947, American physicists Shockley, Bardin and Bratton collaborated to create the transistor-a semiconductor solid element with three fulcrums. In 2016, a team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory broke the physical limit and reduced the existing most sophisticated transistor process from 14nm to 1nm, completing a major breakthrough in the computing technology community.
Transistors are composed of three layers of semiconductors, which have the ability to adhere to the current. Conductive materials such as silicon and germanium have the ability to transmit current between a conductor and an insulator surrounded by a plastic line. Semiconductor materials after a certain chemical process (called semiconductor doping) to stop the disposal. If the silicon doped with arsenic, phosphorus and antimony, it will get some additional charge carriers that electrons, called N-type or negative semiconductor; and if the silicon doped with other impurities (such as boron), gallium, aluminum, it will get less charge carriers that holes, known as P-type or positive semiconductor.
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